Sex Education Teaching Sexual Education - 1827 Words

Teaching Sexual Education In Schools Sex. You may ask, sex, why do we want to talk about sex? Well simply because if we don t talk about sex now then when? We are sitting here watching teens get pregnant and yet we still are not talking about sex. Along with that more and more kids are sending nudes to be exact 13% of 14- 24 year olds have sent multiple naked photos (Indianapolis Recorder Newspaper). Then we have the fact that ages 15 - 24 are 25% of the sexually active population but obtain a little over half of all stds and stis (Indianapolis Recorder Newspaper). Sexual Education should be taught in school to help lower teen pregnancy rates, how much std’s and sti’s there are among people ages 15-24 (Indianapolis Recorder Newspaper) There are many benefits that comes immediately after or during the class; However sexual education classes do have some down falls. First let s look in brief at some of the downfalls of teaching sexual education. Although sexual educatio n may seem like a great idea, it does have a numerous amount of downfalls. Such as it just may excite and or embarrass students (Sex Education in Schools Pros and Cons By Alison Mia Parker). It may excite students because they may not have known what exactly happened during the process of sexual intercourse and if the class is being taught very graphically about how sexual intercourse and sti/stds work (Sex Education in Schools Pros and Cons By Alison Mia Parker). It can also go against some moralShow MoreRelatedThe Separation Of Sex Education1012 Words   |  5 PagesWhen it comes to the subject of teaching sexual education you must take into consideration of the method of what is taught. The methods of teaching are, abstinence only and comprehensive. While abstinence only focuses on abstinence from sexual behavior and does not include any method of contraceptive. As for comprehensive informs students about contraceptives, sexual transmitted diseases as well as the option for abst inence. Many states have different laws and regulations as to what method they canRead MoreComprehensive Sexual Education Of The United States1219 Words   |  5 Pages† Smith refers to the inadequate sexual education of teenagers in the United States. Sexual education is the instruction on issues about bodily development, sex, sexuality, and relationships. Comprehensive sex education teaches about abstinence, condoms, and contraceptives to avoid sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and unplanned pregnancies. As well as, the skills needed to help young people explore their own values and options. Comprehensive sexual education should be taught in the United StatesRead MoreShould Sex Education Be Taught? High School?997 Words   |  4 PagesTeenagers and sex are two words that are often heard together, whether we like it or not, teenagers are having sex. Some schools don’t teach sexual education and because of that students are suffering. There’s no way to make teenagers not have sex but there is away to teach them about having safe sex, that is why I believe that we need to require sexual education be taught in high school. According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, â€Å"Only 22 states require public schools to teach sex educationRead MoreSex Education : A Part Of American Culture1566 Words   |  7 Pagesdecades, sex education in US public schools has been a debatable issue for a minority of people (Shindel Parish, 2013). Healthcare workers insist that with a rise in sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies among teenagers, sex education is desperately needed in school. On the other hand, there are some parents and other citizens who strongly believe that sex education is something that parents should be teaching to their children. These individuals feel that sex education coursesRead MoreSex Education And Sexual Education1253 Words   |  6 Pagesteach sexual education classes, or teach abstinence education classes? Pregnancy rates in America are slowly decreasing, but are still extremely high. According to K. F. Stanger-Hall (2011), Pregnancy rates in America are more than double the rates of other countries with 72.2% per 1000 girls between the ages of 15-19 becoming pregnant. The best way to lower teen pregnancy is to teach about prevention in schools with sex education or abstinence classes. Teenagers need to learn about sex so thatRead MoreShould Sex Education Be Incorporated Into Public Schools?1372 Words   |  6 PagesFor Sex Education in Public Schools An observation of the prevalent television programs and popular topics broadcasted in the media often depict teenagers with an air of promiscuity. Is teenage pregnancy really an uncontrolled epidemic, as depicted in shows such as â€Å"16 and Pregnant†? Are a vast majority of teenagers exchanging racy photos of their bodies with each other? If so, are teenagers acting out because of too much sex education? Or is the outbreak of hyper-sexualized activity linked to lackRead MoreSex Education For Public Schools1426 Words   |  6 PagesSex Education Research Paper Sex education being taught in public schools is a reoccurring topic in many schools. More recently, it has also caught the attention of the public again due to rising unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted disease among young teenagers in the US over the last decade or so. â€Å"Each year, U.S. teens experience as many as 850,000 pregnancies, and youth under age 25 experience about 9.1 million sexually transmitted infections† (McKeon). Sex Education is attempting toRead MoreSex Education Is An Important, Emotional And Controversial1645 Words   |  7 PagesSex education is an important, emotional and controversial topic to teach youth in today’s world. The question is, what is the best information, and the best way to teach them? Comprehensive sex education is teaching teens how to practice safe sex, providing teens with types of protection, and how to use it, as well as services and resources available to help them in making decisions to practice safe sex. Abst inence-only programs teach teens to not have sex, or anything â€Å"arousing† until marriageRead MoreSex Education Is Inappropriate And Harmful869 Words   |  4 Pageslack of sex education in schools. Statistics show that 3 in 10 teenagers are becoming pregnant every year, and 1 in four teenagers are contracting sexually transmitted infections. There are numerous opposing views towards the teaching of comprehensive sex education in school districts. Many people are opposed to this because they believe that it encourages premarital sexual promiscuity in young adults, is destructive to religious belief, and is inappropriate and harmful. â€Å"Comprehensive Sex EducationRead MoreA Brief Analysis Of Sex Education1134 Words   |  5 PagesA Brief Analysis of Sex Education from Inception to the Present The topic of sex education conjures up much controversy regarding what should be taught, how it should be taught, or if it should be taught at all. The overarching goal of including sex education in public school curriculum should be to promote a lifelong healthy sexuality, and with this goal comes the hope that the inclusion of sex education in public schools will delay sexual activity. According to an article by David J. Landry, Jacqueline

Evolution and Darwin Essay - 1635 Words

Evolution and Darwin In a society based on survival of the fittest, adaptation and evolution are the keys to success. If there is a hurdle that a species cannot conquer as it is, it will then do everything it must to overcome it, even if that means change. Throughout time, evolution has helped us to thrive in the toughest of times. The human species is at the top of its class, overthrown by no other, but what happens when a species begins to encounter hurdles within its own society? Can the human species overthrow itself, making a new kind of human? (Bear 195) Did Charles Darwin leave out the last piece of the puzzle? If adaptation and evolution are inevitable when faced with a problem, then the demise of our species as we know it and†¦show more content†¦The two extreme beliefs as well as the mixed belief are displayed in Darwins Radio. Those who are able to have faith in their bodies rather than making up their minds right away eventually see the truth while the rest of the population is left in the dark. Those who do not believe in evolution do not act rationally. They see the SHEVA babies as the devils spawnborn with the mark of Satan. (Bear 433) Those who have lived their entire life believing that God created us all and we never evolved from anything have no way of seeing the possibility that the SHEVA virus may be the next step in evolution. Without the possibility of evolution, the SHEVA virus can only be seen as an outbreak that must be stopped, but at what cost? The people with a strong religious McCandless 3 background are pictured as ignorant in Darwins Radio. There is an outcry for the government to think up a way to stop the spread of the SHEVA virus, but when the suggestion of using RU-486 to abort these new SHEVA fetuses is presented, there is yet another outcry for saving the lives of these babies. With riots and picketing in the streets, begging for a solution, while at the same time referring to RU-486 as genocide, the government is at a loss. However, the public does not understand why there is no quick and easy solution. With so much pressure, the government begins to go into extremes. Even the vice president listens as Augustine, the head of the Task Force, tells himShow MoreRelatedDarwin And Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1201 Words   |  5 PagesIt is often thought today that the theory of evolution started with Darwin and begun in the nineteenth Hundreds. Nonetheless, the thought of species changing over the years, had picked up for a long time in one shape to something else. It was denied by the maximum, due to the defender whom did not had any slight idea dealing with a gratifying mechanism that would analyze in innovation. The utmost significant evolutionary beliefs pervious to Darwin were of Lamarck and Geoffrey Hillarie, advanced aroundRead MoreEvolution Before Darwin1590 Words   |  7 Pagesbecome friends with it. Much the same way Darwin based his theory of evolution on patterns that he had observed on the Galapagos Islands, I base the arguments presented in this paper on patterns that I have observed in ancient creation myths regarding the creation of the world. What once felt like a random bombardment of infinite stories, now feels like a handful of calculable stories told by an infinite number of story tellers. Darwins theory of evolution, his creation myth regarding the origin ofRead MoreEvolution of Darwin and Christianity2002 Words   |  9 PagesEvolution of Darwin and christianity Since time immemorial man has always questioned the origins of life and himself . The answer to that question as there are three alternatives , namely the creation , transformation , or evolutionary biology . The definition of biological evolution varies from studied biological aspects . Some definitions are common in biology books , among others : the evolution of living things is the changes experienced by living beings slowly over a long time and loweredRead MoreDarwin s Theory On Evolution1018 Words   |  5 PagesDarwin’s theory on Evolution Evolution is the belief that all living forms including humans came from ancient ancestors. Evolution is what makes life possible. It allows organisms to adapt to the environment as it changes. In Biology, theory of evolution does not tell us how life began on earth, but it helps us understand how life came into existence, diversified in many forms on earth, and fossil records. Scientists have many theories on evolution. One of the theories suggests all the healthyRead MoreEvolution and Charles Darwin Essay705 Words   |  3 PagesCharles Robert Darwin has had the greatest influence on the world by proving the evolution of living things. Charles Darwin had first noticed the similarities of plants and animals when he took a five-year cruise on the H.M.S. Beagle, which was available to him through a friend from school. During the cruise Charles Darwin started becoming interested with the similarities between the plants and animals that were similar on different islands with similar climates, so he decided to study them moreRead MoreCharles Darwin : The Father Of Evolution Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pages Charles Darwin is widely regarded as the father of evolution because of his extensive work explaining how species became what we see now. The theory of evolution is the change in characteristics of species from generation to generation. Through evolution, the earth gains biodiversity; species begin, change, or die. Using both fossils and living species, scientists are able to reconstruct a biological tree, grouping similar species together to trace their way back to the last common ancestor. ThroughRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution1115 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieve is the forth coming of evolution or what they deem to be the reasoning behind its development. However, Charles Darwin would change the theories of evolution and would go down in history as one of the greatest influential figures in human existence. Although some scientist disagree with Darwinà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Theory, Darwin is the only person who was able to provide sufficient evidence to prove his theory of evolution. The one question that remains, Can God and evolution co-exist? Darwin’s Education andRead MoreCharles Darwin And Evolution Of Humans1643 Words   |  7 PagesTiger Sikka Mr. Pimentel WCIV-H May 4th 2015 Charles Darwin (Intro) A man named Charles Darwin forever changed the world, especially within western civilizations. The idea of how humans and animals came to be was very confusing and there was no set reason of this. People forever wondered how they came to be on this planet. Many different ideas and theories were made, but there was no scientific reasoning on exactly the way humans and animals are here. Today, the theory is still in debate. It isRead MoreCharles Darwin, The Father Of Evolution835 Words   |  4 PagesI dual credit 14 December 2015 Evolution Charles Darwin, the father of evolution, wisely stated, â€Å"It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change.† This statement directly reflects my opinion on the theory of evolution and that of Charles Darwin. Our species has evolved over time and adapted to the conditions that faced us. Charles Darwin, his background and discoveries, along with the evolution of human beings over time proveRead MoreCharles Darwin : Father Of Evolution1582 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Darwin:Father of Evolution Charles Robert Darwin was born February 12, 1809. He is best known for his theory on evolution and and for his phenomenal book On the Origin of Species, which laid the foundation for evolutionary studies and is considered a landmark work in human history. Charles Darwin was a med school dropout but his real passion was for the great outdoors. Charles Darwin served as an unpaid naturalist on a science expedition on board HMS Beagle. The rich variety of animal and

Third transmission Australia Pan Australia

Questions: 1. Using your knowledge of statutory interpretation consider whether any of the following sells or hires or offers for sale or hire or gives to any other person any knife which has a blade which opens automatically by hand pressure applied to a button, spring or other device in or attached to the handle of the knife and therefore commits an offence under s1(1) of the Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959: (i) Jane, a youth worker, confiscates a flick knife from a member of her youth club and gives it to her supervisor. Tony, an antique dealer, displays an old military knife with a spring opening device in his shop window with a price ticket attached to it. Fola buys an unopened box of kitchen utensils from a car boot sale. Without examining the contents closely she donates the box to a charity shop. The box is found to contain a flick knife. 2. Critically analyse the following case and say whether or not you think that the plaintiff will succeed under the tort of negligence: John was the batsman in a cricket match. He hit the ball so hard that it went over the brick wall that surrounded the cricket ground over the road outside and hit Mr Smith, who had just opened the front door of his house. Mr Smith sued the cricket club for negligence. Mr Smith had a nasty injury on his head caused by the ball. It was stated in court that the ball had been hit over the wall only three times in the last ten years. High Distinction Distinction Credit Pass Fail 21-25 points 16-20 points 11-15 points 6-10 points 0-5 points Demonstrated knowledge of legal concepts Demonstrated legal research Application of legal principles to the problem Constructed legal argument Answer: 1. In this case Jane has not committed an offence under section 1 of the Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959, as in this statute it is clearly mentioned that if any person produces, or intends to sell or intends to give on hire, or lends to any other person, or any knife which contains a blade, which may be get open by any sort of hand pressure or by any other means or any flick knife then such a person shall be liable for punishment under this act, the person who will commit such an offence for the first time, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may be extended to three months or with fine which may be extended to fifty pounds or for the subsequent occasions the term of imprisonment shall be six months and the fine would be up to two hundred pounds (Legislation.gov.uk, 2015). Here Jane has confiscated the knife from one of the member of the youth club with an intention to place it in secure place so that no unfortunate event may occurs, for that purpose she ha s not kept the knife with her, rather she gave the knife to her superior that is the supervisor. Jane has vested trust on the supervisor as he is the superior personnel upon her, and delivered the knife which could be a dangerous weapon, to her superior authority. For that purpose Jane is not an offender under the provision of the concern statute (Koziol, Schulze and Antoniolli, 2008). ii) If Tony has any authorization from the competent authority in respect of selling this kind antique goods then he shall be exempted but if he do not possesses such an authorization then he shall be guilty under the provision of section 1 of the Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959, as in the concern statute it is specifically mentioned that if any person exposes or have in possession to sell or to give on hire any flick knife then such a person shall be liable for punishment under the provisions of this act, for imprisonment of a term which may be extended for three months and fine of fifty pounds for the first commission and for the subsequent commission the term of imprisonment may be extended to six months and the fine would be two hundred pounds (Peterson, 2013). Here, Tony has not only exposed the goods in concern but also shows his intention to sell it by attaching a price tag along with the product in dispute. For that purpose he shall be liable under the provision of this act, but as he is an antique dealer, he have to deal with such kind of things, so he have to obtain a prior authorization before giving that thing in exhibition in his store for the purpose of selling the flick knife (Higgins, 2008). This may be a subject of exception, but nevertheless, unless to any contrary, if Tony does not have any prior authorization from the competent authority then he shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of this act (Savarin, 2007). iii) Here Fola is totally exempted from the provisions contained in section 1 of the Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959. In any criminal activity or any wrong act from the part of the respondent, the intention plays a major role at the time of deciding the commission of the offence or the wrongful act. Here, Foal was not aware of the fact that the box she purchased containing any flick knife. She bought the box in a good faith from the seller and depending upon such good faith she delivered the concern box into the charity. In the provision of section 1 of the Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959, if any person keeps the flick knife with an intention to sell it or to give it on hire, or who sells or gives on hire any such thing shall be liable for the punishment imposed under the provision of this act (Moffatt, Fitzgerald and Goh, 2004). Here, Fola neither kept it with an intention to sell the flick knife nor she delivered the flick knife deliberately to the charity, she bought the concern box in good faith as well as she delivered it on a good faith, so she is not guilty under the provision of this act. There nothing mentioned about the negligence factor from the part of the purchaser, so cannot be compelled because of the negligence in accordance with the provision of this act (Heath, 2009). 2. Under the mentioned circumstances John is not liable for causing negligence. Here John is a sports person, basically a batsman in field of cricket. No cricketer would like hit any other person while he is bating with an intention to do so (Linden, Feldthusen and Brecher, 2007). At the time of playing a game, especially a outdoor game, the sports persons relating to that particular game gets very much involved and they used to try their level best for performing in the match. If a batsman hits for a six, the ball will automatically sail out of the park, and it is quite possible that it may hit any person in the crowd or any other person. Here from the part of the batsman no rule of negligence applies at all. There are many instances in international level of cricket where many time the ball hit a person sitting in the crowd and that person has been injured as well. It is not possible for a batsman at the time of doing batting to measure the ball regarding how far it will reach, the only thing upon which the batsman concentrate at the time of bating is to hit the ball so hard that it will not fall within the boundary of the ground, if it falls within the boundary the batsman could get caught out by the fielders, but if it goes beyond the boundary the batsman will get a six run. At the time of bating it is not possible for the person who is batting to decide the length up to which the ball could fly, if it supposed to be done then no one would have been a player like Sir, Donald Bradman or Ricky Luis Ponting. In many famous case decision it also observed that negligence is applicable up to a certain level it and in some specific circumstances act of negligence is not applicable as well as the act may be exempted. In the famous case of Liverpool Catholic Club Ltd Vs Moor, it was observed by the Ld. Court that the nature of an act of negligence depends upon the act itself as well as the circumstances and the intention from the part of the defendant. While deciding any act of negligence it is have to be considered that the respondent actually had any intention to do so and the respondent percussively take the due care of what he is doing or not. But if any unfortunate event occurs by virtue of any act done with due care or any act led by the circumstances then it would not be an act of negligence but it shall be considered as an accident (Liverpool Catholic Club Ltd v Moor, [2014]). In the famous case of Reid v Commercial Club (Albury) Ltd, it was observed by the Honorable Court of law that, there is a liability which is known as occupiers liability. It is the duty of the occupier to take due precautions and care in relation to the events which may happen in respect of the ongoing circumstances. The occupier is at a duty to protect himself as well as his belongings from any kind of unfortunate event rather any kind of accidents which may occur. Any occupier without fulfilling his part of duty is not entitled to get anything in against of the accidental act. The occupier has the liability to protect his belongings he cannot taken things for granted as like in spite of knowing the consequences not taking appropriate measures in relation to restricting the act which may again happen in the future course. Here, the occupier that is Mr. Smith was well known about the fact that a match is going on in his neighborhood and previous instances was also know to Mr. Smith, in spite of that he has not taken any measure regarding the safety or he has not even communicated to the club before that event regarding the safety measure or things to be look after by the club officials (Reid v Commercial Club (Albury) Ltd, [2014]). So, after the above discussion it can be said that negligent act can only be considered when there is no involvement from the part of the circumstances or situation in most portion (Oyston v St Patrick's College, [2014]). Another factor which is to be taken into consideration that whether the occupier of any property, who has suffered from any loss or injury due to such act of negligence, has taken proper precautions and due care of his property or not, if that person has not taken care of his property then this is a kind of negligence from the part of himself and by virtue of that he cannot claim damages (Echin v Southern Tablelands Gliding Club, [2013]). References: Echin v Southern Tablelands Gliding Club[2013]. Heath, J. (2009).Third transmission. Australia: Pan Australia. Higgins, S. (2008).Eye of the beast. North Sydney, N.S.W.: Random House Australia. Koziol, H., Schulze, R. and Antoniolli, L. (2008).Tort law of the European Community. Wien: Springer. Legislation.gov.uk, (2015).Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959. [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/7-8/37/section/1 [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Linden, A., Feldthusen, B. and Brecher, J. (2007).Negligence. Markham, Ont.: LexisNexis. Liverpool Catholic Club Ltd v Moor[2014]. Moffatt, S., Fitzgerald, J. and Goh, D. (2004).New South Wales recorded crime statistics 2003. Sydney: NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research. Oyston v St Patrick's College[2014]. Peterson, D. (2013). Offensive Cyber Weapons: Construction, Development, and Employment.Journal of Strategic Studies, 36(1), pp.120-124. Reid v Commercial Club (Albury) Ltd[2014]. Savarin, J. (2007).Sunset and the major. Sutton, Surrey: Severn House.

The Accidental Tourist Essay Research Paper In free essay sample

The Accidental Tourist Essay, Research Paper In what ways is Macon the Accidental Tourist? The logo on the forepart of all Macon # 8217 ; s travel ushers is a image of a winged armchair and Macon # 8217 ; s married woman Sarah believed that this was non merely the logo for The Accidental Tourist books, but for Macon himself. Julian describes metaphor of the winged armchair as # 8220 ; while armchair travellers dream of traveling topographic points, going armchairs dream of remaining put # 8221 ; , and Macon does his best to assist his readers feel as if they have neer left place. He advises them on the best topographic points to eat and remain, the topographic points that are most like those in America. However, contriving these methods and systems to do it experience as if he neer left place is non a job for Macon. He does non contrive the systems to assist other people, but himself. We will write a custom essay sample on The Accidental Tourist Essay Research Paper In or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sarah is right in claiming that the winged armchair is Macon # 8217 ; s logo, because it does stand for him # 8211 ; he wants to remain place, but is being moved around all over the universe, and has to make his best to do it look like place. In world, Macon is the Accidental Tourist and the book is more a certification of the systems he uses to acquire through life than a # 8216 ; guide # 8217 ; book. The Accidental Tourist books are less travel ushers and more # 8216 ; instructional ushers for life # 8217 ; , stating the reader how to populate with minimal uncomfortableness, without opening up and concealing within your ain cocoon unmindful to the remainder of the universe. This is precisely how Macon lives every twenty-four hours of his life, and non merely those when he is going. He lives his full life seeking to box himself so that nil will alter him, nil will upset him and nil can harm him. His books reflect this clearly and this is why Sarah considers his books so simila r to himself. The books are about Macon # 8211 ; The Accidental Tourist.Above wholly, Macon wants to command everything. He likes for nil to be left to opportunity. When traveling, he merely takes what he can transport on to the plane, to eliminate the risk of lost luggage, as well as taking his own travel sized soap powder so that he can clean his clothes without having to worry about foreign laundries and their detergents. His aim is to control his life – to make sure that nothing can ever go wrong, to make sure that nothing can break through his protective ‘cocoon’. Macon’s desire to control his own life in such a regimented way is probably due to the fact that he doesn’t trust other people. He feels that he cannot rely on others and instead can only trust himself. This is probably due to his mother, who was indecisive, moving apartments and changing the style of their lives. However, Ethan’s death would have also added to this distrust of people as a whole and would have made him more defensive than ever. It is understandable, though, that Macon should distrust people, because Ethan’s death showed so clearly how evil people are and how you can never judge what anot her person is about to do.Macon understands that life is a journey and in knowing this treats his entire life as he does his travel. He attempts to travel through life without changing anything and without having to make decisions. Macon wants to sit back and watch life pass him by – he doesn’t want to get caught up in the spontaneous flow of life where he can be pushed, pulled and changed by forces out of his reach. He is unexcited by life, its spontaneity and uncertainty and would rather sit back and watch the stream of life flow past him, so that he could remain unaffected and unchanged. In a small way, he does achieve this, and it is made clear with the way Macon is so eager to give away Ethan’s posessions after Ethan is killed. In this way, he seems to remain unchanged, as he wanted, but inside, he never really gets over Ethan’s death and this could also be attributed to the fact that Macon never properly mourned his death, and instead went on with l ife as if nothing had ever happened.

Societal change Essays - Social Status, Gender Studies,

Societal change A common point of debate is the direction of society: is it moving in a positive or negative direction. While an argument could be made in either direction, the evidence would favor a movement in a positive direction. Overall, society is improving as the current progression of society reflects a positive change and positive progress through an increase in the quality of life and health of society, increased equality, and improved communication and collaboration. A major factor of societal change is the improved quality of life and health that society enjoys. At our fingertips are search engines that can provide answers and instructions regarding nearly any task we may desire to do or better understand. One only must go as far as Youtube to find a self-help tutorial for nearly any task. Society is supported by a healthcare system that, while certainly flawed, has actively removed formerly lethal threats from society such as polio, plague, smallpox, and scarlet fever. Improvement to quality of life is further shown by the infrastructure that is in place to enable almost anyone to have ready access to water, waste disposal, and a food supply far beyond anything that has been seen in history. It can readily be pointed out that none of these factors are perfect. Not every single person has access to clean water or has been vaccinated against deadly diseases. However, the presence of the potential is a clear indication of the positive direction so ciety is moving. It is certainly not at a utopian state, but the direction is certainly a positive one. Another positive step society is taken can be found in the realm of equality. Only 150 years ago it would have been impossible to find a country where women shared the right to vote alongside men. It was only nearly 100 years ago that this right was first obtained in the United States. When compared with the past, society did a terrible job of taking steps for gender equality and it has only been in recent history that the gap has begun to close. This same progress can be seen in the legal eradication of slavery around the world. While illegal slavery is still in existence, progress is being made to allow people of every birth, color, creed, or race to participate in elections, own property, run for office, and be a respected member of society. Again, this is not perfect progress. Discrimination still exists based on any factor that can be dreamed up, but again, this is a manifestation from those that are behind the curve, rather than a reflection upon society as a whole. Society its elf is progressing forward to bring greater equality for all. Perhaps the most powerful example of societal positive progress can be found in the subtle realm of communication and collaboration. It was common for humans to collaborate in the past, villages would support each other, clubs would gather based on their common interest. Those events are still able to happen today, but they were limited by their location. Now, because of websites like Facebook, Reddit, Instagram, and the countless forums that exist, those with mutual interests can come together from around the world and find common ground, unlike in the past where you needed to enjoy what those around you enjoyed or you would face social isolation. This sense of community, acceptance, and encouragement is certainly a step forward for society. A similar spirit of collaboration can be seen with websites such as GoFundMe, where complete strangers can learn about and help a cause. Lastly, websites such as Stackexchange show most perfectly the spirit of collaboration and communication thr ough answering questions, providing hours of coding work for free, and offering helpful tips, all in the spirit of collaboration and communication. This spirit is becoming stronger in society and shows the encouraging progresses that has been achieved. It is possible to argue that it has allowed for collaboration of hate as well, which is true. Online bullying certainly exists. There are tragic examples of large sums of people ganging up to ridicule, mock, or humiliate others on a level that was not previously possible. But for each of these instances, there are another

Curbs and Sidewalks

Curbs and Sidewalks Curbs and Sidewalks Curbs and Sidewalks By Maeve Maddox Rod poses the question: In Spanish the words curb and sidewalk are interchangeable. Is it the same in English?    In U.S. English, the word sidewalk refers to a paved footpath alongside a street or a road. The sidewalk is usually raised above the level of the road. The curb is a stone or concrete edging between the road and the sidewalk. In British usage, curb is spelled kerb. What Americans call a sidewalk, British speakers call the pavement. Merchants that Americans call street vendors or sidewalk vendors are called kerb-merchants or kerb-vendors by British speakers. Curious about the alleged lack of distinction between sidewalk and curb in Spanish, I looked the words up in my New World Spanish Dictionary and found the following: acera: sidewalk; Mexican banqueta encintado: curb (of a sidewalk) bordillo:curb borde de acera: curb Comments from Spanish speakers welcome. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly WordsHow to Punctuate with â€Å"However†Capitalizing Titles of People and Groups

The Internet and its impact on Market Structure - Managerial Economics Essay

The Internet and its impact on Market Structure - Managerial Economics - Essay Example Monopoly is a market that no one desires to be in. In developed countries there are laws against monopoly. It’s bad enough for consumers. Whenever there are even close resemblances of monopolies emerge, like Microsoft in the global operating systems market, people have cried foul. Even big corporations shy away from becoming a monopoly because it attracts too much regulation from the authorities and negative publicity from the public. So it’s unlikely that the typical monopoly can ever exist on a global scale. For local monopolies Internet has definitely made life difficult. With internet in place, entry barriers are so low that as soon as a company becomes successful with a new product or concept idea there would be new start-ups offering substitute products. So it would be safe to conclude that the Internet is anti-monopoly. The world markets tend to favor oligopolies. Internet has been one for the key components that changed quite a few market structures in several industries. Internet, for instance, is a substitute for all media. The media industry has been revolutionized with the advent of Internet. It has reduced the barriers of entry to such a low level that some industries will never be the same. Perfect oligopolies exist all over the world in several industries. In liberalized and privatized economies even public utilities are oligopolies. High level of globalization and the Internet have helped oligopolies to form and exist. â€Å"But all the past revolutions have not ended up in a totally free market, but rather have started a new cycle of oligopolies.† (The Internet and the copyright oligopolies 2003). The pattern that one could see is that when a new company becomes successful with a new product or concept it is merged or acquired by big companies and this usually pulls the market away from monopolies and from prefect competition. This is a market structure that has a large

Female Genital Mutilation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Female Genital Mutilation - Essay Example This study outlines that reconsideration has occurred: the domestic has turned out to be an international issue, ‘female circumcision’ has been renamed to ‘female genital mutilation’ (FGM), whereas a ‘traditional practice’ has turned out to be a human rights violation. Under the scrutiny of the international community, the subject of female circumcision became a capsule of several affective debates regarding international human rights, sexuality, oppression of women, racism, Western prejudice, medicalization and cultural relativism, leading into a burgeoning of discourses and literature on the subject matter. However, misapprehension, uncertainty, and disagreement over the intricate aspects of this concern have not been resolved. Certainly, the set of literature on female circumcision is to a certain extent dispersed and contrasting, falling into different disciplines such as anthropology, psychology, history, demography, social work, political science, epidemiology, public health policy, and women’s studies. This paper discusses that one of my objectives in discussing this human phenomenon is to bridge some of these theoretical limitations through integrating contributions from different fields, ideological and geographic settings and hence emphasizing arising perspectives and associated aspects of the present debates. The tradition of female circumcision compels researchers and commonplace observers alike, inside and outside the intellectual community, to face more expansive philosophical and moral concerns. As stated by an anthropologist, â€Å"the very decision to write (or not) about the topic has become a political statement, and so is one’s choice on tone and terminology†.

The Reasons Why the US Congress Should Not Authorize an Attack on Syri Essay

The Reasons Why the US Congress Should Not Authorize an Attack on Syria - Essay Example As a part of this struggle, long established governments in Egypt, Yemen and Libya were overthrown with the help of public support and protest. The case of Libya and Syria however, is relatively different because both Libya as well as Syria witnessed a feared armed conflict between the government forces and the rebels. The Libyan government of Gadhafi was overthrown with the help from the strikes of UK under the umbrella of Nato wherein other European countries such as France also contributed to the strikes. The case of Syria however, is relatively different as, despite the fearsome battles between the government forces and the rebels, Bashar Al-Asad’s government is still intact and was largely successful in withstanding the challenge of the rebellion. The human rights violation, however, warrants the question of whether the US should invade Syria or not topple the government of Asad. This paper will argue that the US should not invade Syria. The issue of Syria is not as simple as it may seem as it involves many other international stakeholders with direct interests in Syria. Syria is home to Hezbollah, the militant group with an extremist ideology against Israel and US. Hezb has publically declared Israel as its enemy and even went on to win a limited war against Israel. (Curry) An invasion of Syria may result in a chain reaction of events in which global players may be involved and a new war may erupt between the superpowers of the world. With Israel living in the proximity of Syria, it may be extremely dangerous for the US to actually invade Syria. Besides, Syria has made some bold claims of invading the US or its allies and interests and the possible retaliation by Syria with the help of its allies may have been relatively costlier for the US in the long run. Over the period of time, US Government was unable to maintain a single stance on the issue of Syria and invading it. US President, as well as the Secretary of State, have changed their statements regarding the overall plan of US to topple Asad’s government.  

Technology Blessing Or Curse

Technology Blessing Or Curse We live in the age of technology. We commute by automobiles and airplanes and communicate by emails and mobiles. The media and the Internet provide us the latest information from all over the world. Movies filled with hi-tech special effects entertain us. Air conditioners and room heaters keep our life comfortable despite climatic inconveniences. The list goes on. Technology has transformed almost every aspect of our lives. Of course, a few of us may have concerns about the pollution and environmental problems that technology has led to. But overall most people feel that technology has benefited us immensely. Intoduction In the mid-20th century, people have gained control technology sufficient to leave the Earths atmosphere and space for the first time. The technology used to know the techniques or methods of organization to solve the problem by the method of right and serve the purpose. Technology affect the person and the possibility of other kinds of animals to adapt to the natural environment. Human species has begun using the technology that makes it simple natural tools. Discovery of prehistory, the ability to control fire increased food sources and the invention of the wheel helped humans to travel and explore your surroundings. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes to develop weapons and destructive power has evolved over the centuries, from clubs to nuclear weapons. Technology also has an impact on society and the environment in many ways .. In many societies, technology has helped bring a more developed economy and allow the entertainment show class.Many technologi cal processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, anddeplete natural resources, harm the earth and its surroundings. different use of technology influence the values of society and new technology often increases the new ethical questions. Example: survey The concept of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term originally used only for machines, and challenge the traditional norms.Philosophical a discussion about current and future use of technology in our society, with disagreements about the technology improves the human condition or worsens the situation. So technology is not a blessing or a curse, is both. We can not determine whether one of them. We live between technologies. Travel by car and aircraft and to communicate via telephone and email and telephone. The media and the Internet make us the latest information from around the world. Movies packed with hi-tech special effects to entertain us. Air conditioners and heaters to keep our lives well, but climatic disadvantages. Technology has changed virtually all face in our lives. Some of us may have problems with pollution and environmental problems as the technology lead. But in general most people feel that technology has benefited us more. The technology is now so f undamental to human life. No one can deny the benefits of technology. But most people can not see another hand.Technology has two faces. Despite the encounter, there are many problems caused by technology. For example, in the past, you rarely see people with glasses, now almost all teen glasses. The reason is that many teenagers are using computers for a long time, to the extent that destroy their own eyes. Moreover, people today rely on technology too. Most people complain when they could not use computer for the special day with teenagers. People complain when the computer accident and not save the file you worked on. Humans rely on so much technology that no one would survive if there is no technologyin the world. In my opinion, technology is a blessing or a curse, is both. What does change in attitude is how they use it. We can not coward on nuclear weapons for the damage it produces, which teaches that the epidemic. Everything is better as the technology used to create everything. What will stay in our consciousness, its what we do with it either bless or curse our environment, and as a result of our own lives Introduction Questionnaire Results The questionnaire was an interesting way to take a peak at the opinions of the people in order to compare them to the findings of my research. I tried to keep the sample representative and balanced for example I made sure that of the 20 given the questionnaire 10 were male and 10 were female. Q1) How many people use technology? A- 8-15 B- 15-25 C- 25-40 D- 40 + This tells me that the majority of the sample group asked believe the people in 15-25 is the most range use technology in wide range. Q2) Most of people believe the technology is blessing? A- Agree B- Strongly agree C- Disagree D- Strongly disagree E- Neutral Most of them answer of the technology is blessing by strongly agree its refer the technology is very important in the life Q3) can we avoid the bad side effect of technology? A- can B- Cant C- May be Here we see that the majority feel that the technology may avoided the bad side effect. Q4) Age appropriate person so that he could keep up with the evolution of technology†¦.. A- 10-15 B- 15-25 C- 25-30 D- 30+ We see here the most suitable age which the person could keep up with technology is 10-15 then the ratio decrease when the age grows up. Q5) Technology double-edged sword A- Agree B- Strongly agree C- Neutral D- Disagree E- Strongly disagree Most of people see the Technology double-edged sword and no one disagree. Part II Causes:- To be know the method of organization to solve the problem in right way:- By the mid 20th century, humans had achieved supremacy of technology sufficient to leave the atmosphere of the Earth for the first time and space. Technology used for know the techniques or method of organization to solve the problem by the right method and serve some purpose. Technologies are affecting human as well as other animal kinds ability to adapt to their natural environments. The human species began to use technology by conversion the natural things into simple tools like a- How produce afire by a simple way b- Wheel help the human in travel c- Make a coat by simple way The aim of the technology when it began is good. The people want by simple tools make something help them in daily life. So, we invite a lot of something to help us and us it daily. Now, these things we cant life without it. Like a- Electricity b- Air-condition c- Less of water And a lot of things we use it and cant imagine our life without it. So, the technology helps us in our life to be more easily.When a technology has been used by communities to compete to develop themselves. Therefore, the technology has two faces are the face of good and the other face is evil. And with that despite the good start that was designed to facilitate peoples lives. For example, when he invented dynamite was to open the mines know, and iron and other minerals, but after then used in World War This is how the beginning but the end is bad. So he makes Nobel PRIZE to encouragepeople to make a good invite which help the world and people. Effects:- 1- The good effect (Blessing) Technology improves our goodness of life. By use the technology we have important discoveries. In our life we depend in technology in everything in our life. When you think about the technology you found yourself use it every minute. So, it is important in our life and the life will be different without it. The technology enters in all fields like pharmacy, medicine and engineering. Its difficult to see field without technology. In medicine it is make a big different. Now we can treat the patient without make meeting. It saves our time and effort and more and more in this field. The technology makes our life easier. And the big invite which convert the impossible to possible. It is the internet which can connect and communicate with people who are miles away from us. Its only one of the many examples we could give it to verify the fact that the technology is a blessing. All media depend on the technology. Now we know whats happen in any region in world by the media. Its easy now but in the past its like difficult to imagine it. But the technologies make a big Event in our life when something invite like a- Computer b- Internet c- Cell phone These inventions change a human life in twentieth century. But the important inventions in the past Are 1-Wheel We see it everywhere, in cars, trucks, airplanes, ships, car interiors, toys and more. Life will never be the same without wheels. They range from wooden carts and carriages, a simple device, but it provides over time developed. With so many uses and applications, is still part of the human race, and one of the first steps of civilization. Can you imagine that he does not take a taxi to the hotel? instead of this situation, a few miles with tons of pockets? Or did he get an hours walk to the mall? 2. Tools People are left thumb, which led to the development of tools. Simple instruments such as the use of sharp rocks into knives and spears cut. Large rock as a used hammer has become a stream. We have our houses, animals, trapped in our rooms built and improve our way of life with tools. Interestingly, some mammals and birds use a variety of tools. 3. Sanitation System in which waste collected and disposed of at the same time is more than somewhere useful. Old people saw it and were among the first to invent system. Today we rarely think of the network pipes beneath our feet and make sure that our waste stays out of our eyes and nose! Im glad to know that we are not stool on the floor. Well, most of the time. 4. Roads Dirt paths taken by hunters were from vehicles, but it was invented after the invention of the wheel, there is a real need for better roads. Dirt trodden path now, wood, stone and brick streets. For convenience of use, to transport routes, the world is a success. Today is the backbone of the economy and society. Consider buying a life without the road. We lived in the houses at random. Transported goods slowed. There will be more accidents

David Suzuki Essay

David Suzuki is an award-winning environmentalist, scientist and broadcaster. He also dabbles in radio and television series that go into detail about the complexities of the natural sciences in an easy and fascinating way. Finish Intro Paragraph – any tips, mother? David Suzuki is first and foremost, a geneticist. He graduated from Amherst College in 1958 with an honors degree in biology. He moved onto graduate school at the University of Chicago with a PhD in Zoology. Suzuki’s first academic position was an assistant professor in Genetics at the University of Alberta. After his assistant practices at Alberta, he moved on to where he now resides, at the University of British Columbia. David Suzuki has been honored with many awards. In 1972, he was awarded the E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship for being an outstanding research scientist under the age of thirty-five and he held that award for three years straight. He won many academic awards and holds twenty-five honorary degrees in Canada, the United States, and Australia. Suzuki has written fifty-two books, including nineteen children books. He wrote a textbook, in 1976, named An Introduction to Genetic Analysis that is the most widely used genetics textbook in the United States. This book has been translated into many other languages, including Italian, Spanish, Greek, Indonesian, Arabic, French, and German. Suzuki has not only tinkered around in writing, but broadcasting as well. In 1974, he developed and hosted a science program called Quirks and Quarks that was displayed on CBC radio for four years. Since then, he has presented two documentary CBC radio series relating to the environment, named It’s a Matter of Survival and From Naked Ape to Superspecies. His national television debut began with CBC in 1971 when he wrote and hosted his two season series, Suzuki on Science. He created and hosted a number of television specials, and in 1979, he became of host of The Nature of Things with David Suzuki, which rewarded him with numerous awards. He participated in a series, A Planet for the Taking, which won an award from the United Nations. In 2002, he received an award for his broadcasting excellence. David Suzuki is also a world leader in sustainable ecology. He is the recipient of many world-known prizes and medals, and has been granted with the Right Livelihood Award, which is known as the Alternative Nobel Prize. Not only has he received awards and presented series, but also he has co-founded his own Foundation. Suzuki felt as  though he was just â€Å"a messenger telling people about the crisis that is happening† and that he didn’t have any solutions (Suzuki 219). As he was working on making people more aware, he was receiving feedback of people feeling motivated from his words. With this feedback, Suzuki realized that he â€Å"had a responsibility to suggest potential answers† (Suzuki 220). With the help of Tara Cullis, an award-winning writer and former professor at Harvard University, the David Suzuki Foundation was instituted on September 14th, 1990. The goals of the Foundation are to protect the climate, create livable communities, establish environmental rights and justice, transform the economy, connect with nature, and build the community. The David Suzuki Foundation has worked with doctors to fight for clean air, published energy solutions, brought voices from NHL hockey players and Olympic Skiers to advocate for going carbon neutral, helped governments ban pesticides, protected species at risk, researched contaminants in farmed salmon, and worked with chefs to switch to sustainable seafood. The Foundation has even addressed economics, assessing the value of greenbelts (an area which is kept and reserved to ensure that there is open space), farmland, and other ecological services, and published a guide on how businesses can shrink their environmental impact. Nat ure sustains the economy. At least that is what Herman Daly, a senior economist at World Bank and teacher at University of Maryland’s School of Public Affairs, states in David Suzuki’s (and Holly Dressel’s) book, From Naked Ape to Superspecies. Daly states that, â€Å"’you sacrifice some of the natural system when you convert it into man-made things’† (Dressel and Suzuki ?). There needs to be a balance between the costs and benefits. In the past, there hasn’t been a focus on that balance. A cause of this unbalance and sacrificing lays with corporations. In Professor Brad Howard’s Journalism 190 class, the movie, The Corporation, was assigned for the students to watch. The Corporation is a Canadian documentary film that examines the modern-day corporation. The corporation is legally bound to put its bottom line ahead of everything, even the public good. In From Naked Ape to Superspecies, corporations are explained from a variety of sources. Jane Ann Morris, a corporate anthologist who works with a group called Program on Corporations, Law, and Democracy, stated that corporations have squeezed themselves into democracy, replacing the human persons. Even though the corporations are not people, they have been given  the same rights. The corporations are â€Å"reducing the rights of humans† (Suzuki and Dressel ?) and putting itself ahead of the people. According to the textbook in Brad’s class, The Problem of the Media by McChesney, â€Å"corporate societies† or â€Å"corporations† are corporate bodies that are legally authorized to act as a single individual. Brad assigned an academic journal for us to read, called Corporations, Democracy, and the Public Good by Stephen Barley. Barley states a thesis about the republic, â€Å"people are now separated from their representatives by an asteroid belt of organizations and among the most powerful of these are corporations and their trade associations† (Barley 203). In an interview with Lynette Thorstensen in Habitat Australia, David Suzuki stated that this situation with the corporations is not beyond the people’s grasp just yet. What is needed to occur are regulations and controls on the global level. An example that Suzuki provides is if a multinational company was found to be profiting through the dumping of wastes, the company should be fined to such a degree that continuing to behave like a pirate would cost more than the actual profit. Suzuki thinks that we need to keep the corporations exposed. David Suzuki is related to journalism and corporations, or at least his opinions are. Sustainable ecology is related to journalism and corporations. David Suzuki is a world leader in sustainable ecology. In order for the environment to be protected, the government needs to be involved. In order for the government to prosper, the environment needs to be cared for. As an environmental enthusiast, I had no clue that corporations played such a crucial role in the environment issues. Not only was I unaware about how the corporations were linked with environment issues, but I did not know that David Suzuki had ever addressed it. I think that’s something that Brad has tried to include in the class – corporations and their hiding. The reason I didn’t know corporations were involved in this issue, was because corporations influence the media and by their influence, they wish to be invisible in their link with th ese issues. Framing is what they call it. Framing is where a news media puts the shareholders first. If a corporation invests in a news media, the media shapes the information being shared and how we see topics/issues. So, I didn’t get to see the corporation’s influences, since they didn’t want the public to see them. Framing is a popular topic in Brad’s class. The media  frames issues all over the place. So once I discovered that issue among David Suzuki’s research, my mind was opened and aware. I think it all brings a new light to David Suzuki. Not only does David Suzuki care about the environment and protecting it, he cares about the impact of the government and corporations. David Suzuki †¦ any tips for the conclusion, mother?

Knowing Your Audience Paper & Communication Release

Knowing Your Audience Paper & Communication Release When we are communicating information it is vital to know our audience and ensure ou are effectively conveying the message. If we are dealing with a variety of cultural people, we need to consider how our audience will receive and accept our translated information. I will discuss the protocol on the Chilean Copper Mining accident that occurred on August 5, 2010. It is crucial that the Chilean Copper Mining employees and families be communicated with about their loved ones and what will be done to help with their peace of mind.It was August 5, 2010, when there was a collapse inside the main access tunnel at a small copper mining operation in northern Chile; causing 33 workers to be trapped underground (2010). The miners were believed to be in shaft about 2,200 feet below the surface. According to â€Å"Chile Mining Accident† (2010), there was no word about their fate, whether they were alive or whether they would be rescued fo r 17 days. A small hole was borrowed to allow rescuers to send water, sugars, and other supplies to help make them a little more comfortable.The miners were also able to be in communication with their loved ones by using the whole. It wasn’t until October 9, 2010, when the rescue efforts were successful and the miners were saved one by one (Chile Mining Accident, 2010). In a situation like this, it is important to take caution when preparing to communicate with the families and fellow employees of the trapped miners. I must be sensitive to the situation, ensure my information is credible, and ensure my audience understands or receiving my message as it was intended.Since I know my audience is going to be the families and fellow employees of the trapped miners, I generally know who will be listening to my every word. Even before I deliver my message, I need write out what exactly it is I want to say. It is vital to all the members they receive accurate information on rescuing methods, family, employees’ conditions, and health information on the miners. In this case, this pertains to multiple family members, and employees with different backgrounds, and beliefs.It is vital that we continue to informing the families and employees without further frightening them or suggesting that the victims might not survive. When informing the families, I would want to schedule a press conference so I am able to ensure the families ever precaution is being made that there are no more collapses, and that we are doing all we can do to get their loved ones out of there. I would send a memorandum or email to the other employees informing them that we are working our hardest to get their associates out safely and quickly.To the families I might tell them†¦ â€Å"Family and friends, I am here representing Minera San Esteban Primera. I have called this meeting with you to announce that there has been an accident. There has been a collapse in the shafts and there a re 33 men trapped. I am deeply sorry for what has happened. We are working hard and as quickly as we can to get your loved ones out of the mine. I can ensure you we are doing everything we can to get to them. Our first priority is to borrow a large enough hole to be able to communicate with them and get them any supplies they need for survival.We are unsure of what caused the collapse; however I can guarantee you that we will do a full investigation on the cause. As soon as we are been able to communicate with them through the borrow hole we will let you know. We plan on keeping you as informed as possible. We do not yet have confirmation on the exact state of the well being of the workers; however, I can assure you that we have hundreds of personnel working around the clock to get some kind of communication from the men.If you would like to write letters to them, please do and we will send them down to the men as soon as the tunnel is complete. Again, we here at San Jose mine are d eeply sorry for this incident and are trying our hardest to rescue the minors. We will keep you all updated about rescue efforts as updates come in. If you have any questions or needs, please let us know. † To the employees, I would write them a memorandum that would say†¦ â€Å"As President of Minera San Esteban Primera, I have some bad news to inform everyone about.There has been a collapse in the shafts and there are 33 men trapped. I am deeply sorry for what has happened. We are working hard and as quickly as we can to get your loved ones out of the mine. I can ensure you we are doing everything we can to get to them. Our first priority is to borrow a large enough hole to be able to communicate with them and get them any supplies they need for survival. We are unsure of what caused the collapse; however I can guarantee you that we will do a full investigation on the cause. As soon as we are been able to communicate ith them through the borrow hole we will let you kno w. We plan on keeping you as informed as possible. We do not yet have confirmation on the exact state of the well being of the workers; however, I can assure you that we have hundreds of personnel working around the clock to get some kind of communication from the men. Until further notice, all other project and operations are going to be put on hold, so we are able to give our full attention to rescuing our 33 coworkers that are trapped in the mine, this will mean that all employees have been excused from work with pay.I can ensure you all that we are giving our all. † In conclusion, it is important to be sensitive with communication such as this. You need to be sure to know who your audience is so you don’t come across as being heartless. When it comes to communicating to a group of people that you don’t personally know, you need to make sure your information is accurate and up to date and that your source is credible. ReferenceOver 30 Workers Trapped After Chi lean Copper Mine Collapse. (2010, August). Metal Bulletin Daily, (224), 65. Business Source Complete. Parry, W. (2010). Chile Mine Collapse: Facts About the Amazing Survival Story. Retrieved from http://www. livescience. com/11169-chile-collapse-facts-amazing-survival-story. html Chile Mining Accident. (2010). Retrieved from http://topics. nytimes. com/top/reference/times topics/subjects/c/chile_mining_accident_2010/index. html

cost accounting Essay Example

cost accounting Essay Example cost accounting Essay cost accounting Essay 2-22 Variable costs and fixed costs. Consolidated Minerals (CM) owns the rights to extract minerals from beach sands on Fraser Island. CM has costs in three areas: a. Payment to a mining subcontractor who charges $80 per ton of beach sand mined and returned to the beach (after being processed on the mainland to extract three minerals: ilmenite, rutile, and zircon). b. Payment of a government mining and environmental tax of $50 per ton of beach sand mined. c. Payment to a barge operator. This operator charges $1 50,000 per month to transport each batch of beach and†up to 100 tons per batch per day†to the mainland and then return to Fraser Island (that is, O to 100 tons per day = $150,000 per month; 101 to 200 tons per day = $300,000 per month, and so on). Each barge operates 25 days per month. The $150,000 monthly charge must be paid even if fewer than 100 tons are transported on any day and even if CM requires fewer than 25 days of barge transportation in that month. CM is currently mining 180 tons of beach sands per day for 25 days per month. . What is the variable cost per ton of beach sand mined? What is the fixed cost to CM per month? 2. Plot a graph of the variable costs and another graph of the fixed costs of CM. Your graphs should be similar to Exhibit 2-3, Panel A (p. 31), and Exhibit 2-4 (p. 34). Is the concept of relevant range applicable to your graphs? Explain. 3. What is the unit cost per ton of beach sand mined (a) if 180 tons are mined eac h day and (b) if 220 tons are mined each day? Explain the difference in the unit-cost figures.

The Best French Grammar Books to Buy

The Best French Grammar Books to Buy A time-tested method to learn a new language is the grammar book. Reading and writing in books is an efficient way to become familiar with a new language. But some books are more efficient than others. There are hundreds, maybe thousands of French grammar books alone available on the market. With many claiming to be the best, the most concise, or the most complete, picking one book over another can be an overwhelming task. There is also the matter of learning preferences and levels to consider. Regardless of a grammar books quality, it if isnt tailored to your level it wont be effective. After a review of dozens of French grammar books, we have identified a range of books as our  favorites. These books do not all have the same approach or format, and they target learners ranging from beginner to advanced. This list includes books that we use every day as well as the ones we keep around because they have been so helpful in the past. Top Grammar Books Le Bon Usage:Originally published in 1936, this is the bible of French grammar- the most thorough French grammar book that exists. It has been republished more than a dozen times and is a must for translators. This is the book that native speakers refer to when they want to understand or explain some aspects of French grammar. (French only)Le Petit Grevisse: Previous editions of this very abridged version of  Le Bon Usage  were called  Prà ©cis de Grammaire Franà §aise. It covers advanced French grammar but is less complicated than its unabridged parent. (French)Intermediate French for Dummies: Laura K. Lawless is the author of this workbook which covers high-beginning to intermediate grammar. It includes lessons and practice exercises. (English explanations and bilingual examples)Collage: Rà ©vision de Grammaire: Although it is nowhere near as thorough as the Grà ©visse books, Collages explanations are clearer than those in the books already mentioned in this list. There a re also lots of examples and practice exercises. (French explanations and examples with bilingual vocabulary lists) Manuel de Composition Franà §aise: As the title indicates, this book focuses on helping you improve your French writing skills, but it also includes excellent grammar explanations, with an emphasis on verbs and vocabulary. (French)Langenscheidt Pocket French Grammar: This tiny book offers very concise yet detailed explanations of beginning-to-intermediate French grammar which are not easily found elsewhere. It also has sections on effective communication, synonyms, idioms, false cognates, and more. A very handy little book. (English)Berlitz French Grammar Handbook: A good reference for upper-beginner level students, this handbook explains basic-to-intermediate French grammar, verbs, and vocabulary. (English)Essential French Grammar: This little book de-emphasizes grammar to concentrate on communication, offering just enough grammar to help you work on speaking and understanding French, without getting bogged down in the details. (English)English Grammar for Students of French: If yo u dont know the difference between pronouns and prepositions- in French or English- this is the book for you. It explains French grammar points alongside their English counterparts, using simple language and examples to compare and contrast the grammar in these two languages.  Its like a mini-grammar class for French students. (English)

Surveillance is increasingly being used in the workplace, what are the Essay

Surveillance is increasingly being used in the workplace, what are the cost and benefits for the business - Essay Example This study was conducted to investigate the implications of surveillance systems on companies such as the British Airways. It takes a look at the various ways in which surveillance systems affect consumers and personnel in actual scenarios. Looking at how surveillance is important or not for a business is significant because it proves to be a ‘necessary evil’ that may provide a lot of benefits than what is expected. But with the revision of rights of employees in the workplace, surveillance is now frowned upon as a form of breaching one’s personal space. When misused and abused, the utilization of surveillance in the workplace could lead to more complications such as lawsuits and other legal matters. Companies which are not built to handle these kinds of negative impacts may soon be well out of business, leading to great financial loss and ultimately to the closure of the company. On the other hand surveillance technology, if applied correctly will result to the o pposite; it may lead to customer and employee satisfaction which may lead to an increase on profit and therefore contributing to the growth and financial well-being of the company. This study was conducted primarily through research work with most of the references herein are taken from online sources which proves to be fairly reliable. One of the primary concerns of any business organisation is the satisfaction of their customers. The saying â€Å"the customer is always right† is universally followed by many of business companies around the world. Today, due to better definitions of labour codes a company must not only look upon the satisfaction of the customer but also of their employees. The employees are the backbone of any company for without them a company will be just a heap of unorganized set of ideas waiting to materialize. Though employees are important, there are quite a significant number of unscrupulous ones so a method must be devised to somehow monitor the activities of

Bribery at Siemens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bribery at Siemens - Essay Example Bribery is definitely an unethical and illegal practice. Bribery cannot be considered as a cost of business just to get contracts for the company or securing their financial position in any international state or country. The reasons given by the employees when they were accused with the bribery scandal was mainly focusing on one aspect. They said they did it for the benefit of the company, so that the organization could get good business and be stable in all their different business units. The employees said in their defense that the bribery was asked to them by the employees of Enel if they wanted the contract for their company, Siemens. The employees of Siemens also defended their case by saying that the practice of bribery was common to get the contracts for the company on an international level. In late 2006, Siemens had faced another scandal of bribery in the telecommunication department which was bribing foreign officials for securing of contracts. Accusations were also made by IG Metall Company to Siemens for bribing their unions. Many other countries like US, Italy, Greece and Switzerland has accused Siemens for having misconduct while doing their foreign business. Siemens had practiced bribery so that they could win the contracts in the international market and become a strong player in their respective field. This is an unethical practice but it has been observed that for multinational organizations, the concept of bribery is considered a norm. Siemens has also been charged for bribing the employee representatives of different organizations so that they can get their work done easily. The former Siemen managers were also convicted of bribing the foreign officials for getting the business contracts for their organization. The main worrying aspect is that the practicing of bribery may be spread along many levels of management and to get to the

The valid contract Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The valid contract - Case Study Example However, a point to be noticed in this context is that to be legally binding, the promise made by the party and its acceptance must be aimed at forming a legal relationship. Anything made out of natural relationship (or domestic arrangements) are assumed not to create any legally binding obligations. Nevertheless, the case -Parker Vs Clark [1960] NLR 286- demonstrates that although domestic arrangements are assumed not to create legally-binding obligations, in some cases this assumption may be overruled by the facts . obligations. Moreover, Irene made the offer without having any intention to avail consideration from Gina. The offer is made just out of natural relationship. Therefore, it is not possible for Gina to approach the court for justice and get the promised money from Irene. Though, Gina has made some promises after the promise by Irene, this does not amount to a promise, which is legally enforceable. In this context, the case Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571 is worth notable as "it demonstrates the strong presumption that domestic agreements, even if framed in contractual terms, are not intended to create legal obligations" (Law Glossary, 2006). Usually, when an order is made by one party to another for the supply of certain goods for a consideration, it becomes a contract. Both parties are legally binding to the terms of the contract are obliged to perform their part. If any of them makes a default, the aggrieved party can claim compensation from the defaulted party as the transaction is legally enforceable. When one is making an offer to another on the strength of the offer made by a third party, and if the third party makes a default and it subsequently results in the non performance of the offer, the third party is no way affected by the default of the promissor. In the given case, though Irene has made a promise to pay Gina a sum of 15000 and subsequently defaulted to pay the sum, the offer (s) business or personal made by Gina will in no way affect Irene as the first offer itself is not a legally binding one. Therefore, it is not legally obligatory for Irene to pay the remaining amount to Kolumbie, the aromatherapy oil supplier. Is Gina liable to Jaymark Fitness for the 4,000 balance on her debt When an offer is made out of the strength of the offer of another and the subsequent default of the original offer, the second offer cannot be performed and will result in breach of contract. But, it is to be noticed that whether the original offer is legally binding or not. In the given case, the original offer is a domestic arrangement and it is out of the natural relationship between Irene and Gina. However, when Gina has placed an order for 10,000 worth goods and after the default by Irene, Gina could not keep the promise that the payment shall be paid later. Gina informed Jaymark that she could not pay the 10,000 owed but could manage 6,000 and that if Jaymark tried to sue her for more, she would declare herself bankrupt and Jaymark would get nothing at all. Jaymark reluctantly agreed to accept the 6,000 in full and final satisfaction of the debt. Therefore, Gina is not

Horoscopes and Astrology Essay Example for Free

Horoscopes and Astrology Essay Horoscopes are charts created by astrologers. A definition of a horoscope is: the illustration of the position of the sun, moon, and planets from a given location on earth, usually at birth. Which simply means, where everything in the universe was in relation to everything else when you were born. People have been finding their horoscopes for a long time now, its nothing new. The earliest known horoscope was from 409 B.C. where it started to spread in the East with the conquerors of the Roman Empire. From there, it started spreading all the way across to Western Europe, where it was almost considered a science itself by all learned people. Everyone has an astrological sign. There are 12 in all. They are called the signs of the zodiac. The 12 signs are called : Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces. Each sign represents a set of human characteristics. They deal with certain area of a persons life, such as marriage, health, work, travel, and death. Astrologers believe that the position of the objects in the sky when you were born and their movements reflect the persons character and destiny. The horoscope also is divided into 12 houses. Unlike the zodiacal signs, which represent the annual cycle of the sun, the house represent the 24 hours of a day of the Earths daily rotation. Astrologers make predictions by studying the position of the objects with all of the 12 signs and of the 12 houses. You might see your horoscope in the newspaper today. Its based on the signs of the zodiac I mentioned, and where the Sun was located when you were born. It implies that all people born under the same sign anywhere in the world at any time share common characteristics. Today, even though only a small percentage of people believe in it, books and  columns on astrology rate higher than ever no one can say why! I think curiosity has a big effect on the overall popularity of astrology and horoscopes. Horoscopes are illustrated by circles, called the ecliptic. Its the way the earth orbits around the sun in a year. Every planet (including the sun and moon) has a sign, depending on where the planet is on the ecliptic when the horoscope was made to be for. The astrology that horoscopes are based on are criticised and questioned often, and although many scientists disagree with the science involved in getting your horoscope, millions of people continue to believe or practice it.

Cubism Essay -- essays research papers

Pablo Picasso Pablo Picassso was probably the most famous artist of the twentieth century. During his artistic career he created a large body of work that consisted of sculptures, prints and ceramics, while experimenting with several different materials. Today Picasso is known as one the forefathers of the artistic movement known as Cubism. Pablo Picasso was born on October twenty-fifth 1881, in Malaga, Spain, to Jose Ruiz and Maria Picasso. Rather than adopt the common name of his father, Picasso took the more unique last name of his mother as his own. "An artistic prodigy, Picasso at the age of fourteen, completed the one month qualifying examination of the Academy of Fine Arts in Barcelona in one day." as stated by ( ). From there he went to the Academy of San Fernando in Madrid, returning to Barcelona in 1900. goes on to state that," Picasso attended one of the cities most famous cabarets of intellectuals and artist, El Quatre Gats." ( ). During the year of 1901 until 1904, Picasso went through what is now regarded as his "Blue Period". Picasso Became fascinated with unique characters as his subject manner. He began to paint images that were full of anger and sorrow. Some believe that Picasso was experiencing an early mid-life crisis because of the content of his work. All that changed in 1905, when Picasso began to paint in a more colorful manner. He became intrigued by the lifestyle of traveling circus acts. He started to paint in mid...

TXJ Companies

First of all, the TXJ Companies did not have as much security controls at all. The security controls that were in place were controls that were easy for hackers to have access to. The security’s controls weaknesses are that the computers that were used where computers that did not have the correct firewall installed. The firewall that was installed were firewalls that did not have as much of protection. They were not installed properly. The computers did not have any data encryption at all. These computers were easily to be access by hackers. The tools and technologies that could have been used to fix the weaknesses were to upgrade their computers to the latest security system. The computers could had firewalls installed, in order for hackers to stay away. An anti-virus could had been installed in order for malicious data to have access to the computers. The computers firewall should had been installed correctly as well. The business effect of TJX’s data loss to TJX, consumers, and banks were that due to its data loss, this lead to a raised in costs. The costs were from the personal data that had been lost. The business’s costs had raised a tremendous amount. The moral dimensions that may had been applied in this situation where to realize and focus what could had really happened if there were more security from the business. For instance, the business had to think before, after making any actions. The business made the action of not making secured computers and this is why, the business had to deal with a situation like this. The smart choice was not being conducted. By not making the correct decisions, the business had lost a lot.

Bell Hooks Views Higher Education is Important

The United States provides our society with the undeniable right to learn. The right to higher education is not limited to the middle and upper classes; it allows the less privileged, minorities, as well as both sexes, to receive an equal education. Two arguments which present interesting views on higher education are bell hook†s â€Å"Keeping Close to Home† and Adrienne Rich†s â€Å"What Does a Woman Need to Know? † Hooks views higher education with a concern for the underprivileged, whereas Rich views it with a concern for women. Of the two works, I personally do not agree with Rich†s argument. Bell hooks views higher education to be a time in which we find ourselves and learn more about who we are. This concept remains difficult on the underprivileged because they do not want to be known for their background. They see themselves as less privileged, and therefore want to keep this hidden from their new society. These students face many obstacles in their lives; college presents a whole new and much larger challenge. The transition is also hard on them. They want to fit in and hide their past, but at the same time, they do not want to lose sight of their upbringings. Hooks felt that she was an outsider in college, because she herself came from an underprivileged background, while most of her peers came from privileged backgrounds. Hooks states, â€Å"I did not intend to forget my class background or alter my class allegiance†(88), but she felt that in order to succeed, she must change who she was. Society, peers, and educators make assumptions that label the underprivileged and minorities as † ‘lower class† people† who have â€Å"no beliefs or values†(88). Professors expect these students to perform badly because of their past and their reputation in today†s society. The students are not given the fair chance other students receive. Knowing the way society portrays them, the students keep to themselves. Even after they prove to be serious and capable students, they are still looked down upon. Hooks, at first, thought that in order to succeed in college, she must change who she was, to blend in with her peers. She said many â€Å"believe that assimilation is the only possible way to survive, to succeed. (89). After going through the transition and facing these obstacles herself, hooks came to the conclusion that this was not the case. She has maintained close ties with her family, knows where she came from, and has succeeded in life. Hook†s essay tells us that you can maintain close relationships with home and still succeed. Not only are the underprivileged discriminated against, but women are too. One extreme feminist side, Adrienne Rich claims that women are not getting what they deserve when it comes to higher education. Rich states, â€Å"There is no woman†s college today which is providing young women with the education they need for survival as whole persons in a world which denies women wholeness†(45). This, of course, is all due to male dominance. Rich believes women are outsiders in man†s world. She wants women to keep their outsider†s view and not think like men when they are placed in a prominent position. The sense of male supremacy discourages women from performing at an equal level. This goes along with the idea that â€Å"feminist studies are ‘unscholarly,† ‘biased,† and ‘ideological†Ã¢â‚¬ (46). Rich claims that the education women are receiving is leaving them powerless and vulnerable. She believes â€Å"that without such an education, women have lived and will continue to live in ignorance of our collective context†(45). Because of male dominance over women†s education, the chance for women to be educated the way women should be educated is one that Rich believes does not exist. Because of Adrienne Rich†s extreme views and harsh tone towards men, I disagree with her view on higher education. Just as Rich, I do believe that women have the right to an education. Men do not have a hidden agenda to keep women powerless in the world as Rich implies. Despite the fact that this argument was given almost twenty years ago when women†s rights were a controversy, her view of women, even then, is a bit demeaning. Her comment that motherhood deprives women of their power is ridiculous. Clearly, bell hook†s â€Å"Keeping Close to Home† and Adrienne Rich†s â€Å"What Does a Woman Need to Know? display a view of higher education in which people are being discriminated against. The underprivileged, as well as women, continue to be taken advantage of in our society. The right to higher education is given to all persons – rich or poor, black or white, man or woman. Some fail to realize the importance of higher education as a step in the right direction. This opportunity is one that should and can be taken advantage of by everyone who wants badly enough to achieve success and lead a successful life.

How To Prepare A Good Resume And CV

How To Prepare A Good Resume And CV How To Prepare A Good Resume And CV â€Å"If you call failures experiments, you can put them in your resume and claim them as achievements,† said professor Mason Cooley. His witty observation highlights this basic truth: the effective resume and CV writing requires careful thought and attention. The following tips can help produce a quality resume or CV. Know The Difference It is important to know the difference between a resume and a CV (curriculum vitae). While resumes are commonly required by companies from job applicants, certain positions require a CV. Both documents are a written summary of a person’s background, but there are three main differences between the two: length, content, and purpose. First, a resume is a brief summary of a person’s background, education and work history. It usually is one page in length, and at most two pages. A CV is more detailed and therefore longer. For a younger professional a CV may only be 2-3 pages. As he/she gains more experience, the CV may increase to 10 pages or more. Second, a resume and CV will differ in contents. A resume will usually be limited to education, work experience, and credentials. A CV may include these as well, but will also have teaching experience, awards, publications, presentations, and any other career-related achievements. Finally, the two documents serve different purposes. A resume is a concise summary of education and experience focused on presenting a person’s qualifications for a specific job. Because of this, resume editing is often necessary to tailor it to the particular job sought. A CV is a detailed overview of life accomplishments often focusing on academic history, experience and research. As such, CV writing is often required if a person seeks a position in higher education, research, or medicine. Additionally, if a person applies for an international position, a CV is most often required and not a resume. Include Needed Information Since these documents will form a prospective employer’s first impression, a person needs to include the proper information for each type. For a resume, this includes the following: name and contact information, education, and work experience. Arrange the information in each section chronologically. An applicant should also prepare a cover letter to send with the resume. It serves as a written record of what is sent, to whom it is sent, and who sent it. A CV is much more detailed. It should include personal information such as marital status, age, date of birth, number of children, personal interests, and a professional photo. It should then detail the candidate’s academic background, beginning with high school. A person should also include research experience, teaching positions, grants, honors, awards, fellowships, publications, presentations, scholarly or professional memberships, licenses, certificates, and all other related information. The details in each of these sections should also be arranged in chronological order. Prepare and Polish Finally, prepare the written products with careful CV and resume editing. Maintain uniformity in style, font, and formatting throughout the documents for an appealing finished product. A person should proof-read the writing thoroughly to insure proper spelling and grammar. Free online grammar editing tools are a great help in this task. Considering a resume and CVs importance, a person may consider employing the services of a company like for assistance. Contact us today at toll free at 800-573-0840 to see how we can help.

Outline the key theoretical claims of restorative justice and critically evaluate its advantages and disadvantages as applied to contemporary punishment practices in the UK. The WritePass Journal

Outline the key theoretical claims of restorative justice and critically evaluate its advantages and disadvantages as applied to contemporary punishment practices in the UK. Abstract Outline the key theoretical claims of restorative justice and critically evaluate its advantages and disadvantages as applied to contemporary punishment practices in the UK. ). Further, over the last three decades, within the context of the rise of neo-liberal populism, that has seen decline of the rehabilitative ideal, restorative justice practices have the potential to mitigate the worst excesses of punitive punishments (Garland, 2001). However, the theoretical underpinnings of restorative justice, as this paper will show, has been attacked in various ways, due, in part, to its propensity to either be seen as undermining the impartiality of the criminal justice system, or as yet another form of what Foucault (1975) describes as ‘governmentality’. From this perspective, restorative justice is seen as an informal process that results in a net-widening of state control (Garland, 2001, Pavlich, 2013). This, in turn, has generated a significant ideological debate over the future of criminal justice (Johnstone Van Ness, 2007). Proponents of restorative justice, however, argue that within the prevailing punitive regime, the increase in custodial sentences has generated a penal crisis that may be mitigated by the use of restorative approaches (Cavadino Dignan, 2006). Restorative justice may therefore be seen as a significant and pragmatic means of lowering the rate of recidivism and bringing about a more humane and equitable justice (Sim, 2008, Cornwell, 2009). The Demise of the Rehabilitative Ideal Since the eighteenth century, idea’s surrounding state punishment have led to a mixture of approaches that prevail today (Stohr et al, 2012). Clarkson, 2005, suggests that these theories in turn have generated continual discourse surrounding the moral justifications for punishment, which are; retributivism, deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation. Sim (2009), citing Foucault, argues that although the prevailing literature on the history of the criminal justice system has placed an emphasis on the shifts and discontinuities in the apparatus of punishment, such as the move from retributive punishment toward a more progressive rehabilitative approach, since the mid 1970s punishment has been underpinned and legitimated by a political and populist hostility to offenders (ibid, Garland 2001, Cornwell, 2009). Garland (2001) argues that the last three decades has seen a shift away from the assumptions and ideologies that shaped crime control for most of the twentieth century. To day’s practices of policing and penal sanctions, Garland argues, pursue new objectives in a move away from the penal welfarism (rehabilitation) that shaped the 1890s†1970s approach of policy makers, academics and practitioners. Cornwell (2009) argues that although the rehabilitative model of punishment was seen as a progressive approach in the middle years of the last century, when it was widely accepted that the provision of ‘treatment and training’ would change the patterns of offending behaviour, the ideology failed to work out in practice (Garland, 2001). In turn, there became a disenchantment with the rehabilitative approach, and the ‘Nothing Works’ scenario became an accepted belief, given the reality of prison custody (Martinson, 1974). Muncie (2005) claims that the 1970s neo-liberal shift in political ideology saw the rehabilitative welfare model based on meeting individual needs, regress back towards a ‘justice model’ (ret ributive), that is more concerned with the offence than the offender. From the 1990s, Muncie argues, ‘justice’ has moved away from due process and rights to an authoritarian form of crime control. The Prison Crisis Cornwell (2009) claims that the effect of the ‘justice model’ on the prison population cannot be overstated (Sim, 2008). In England and Wales in 1990 the average daily prison population stood at around 46,000, by 1998 this figure increased to over 65,000, by 2009 the number rose to 82,586 (ibid). Further, the findings in the 2007 Commission on Prison’s suggest that a ‘crisis’ now defines the UK penal system (The Howard League, 2007). Despite a 42,000 decline in reported crime since 1995, the Commission argue, the prison population has soared to a high of 84,000 in 2008, more than doubling since 1992. Cornwell (2009) claims that at present the costs of keeping an offender in prison stands at around  £40,000 per year, where the estimated cost of building new prisons to accommodate the rise of the prison population will take huge resources of public money. Prison has therefore become the defining tool of the punishment process, where the United Kingdom (UK) now imprisons more of its population than any other country in Western Europe (ibid: p.6). A History of Restorative Justice In response to the prison crisis, experimentation in the 1990s began to see various forms of restorative justice models in order to mitigate retributive punishment and as a means of re-introducing a greater emphasis on the rehabilitation ideal (Muncie, 2005). The arguments for restorative forms of justice, Cornwell (2009) claims, are not just about cost and sustainability on national resources, but more significantly, the notion of the type of unjust society the United Kingdom (UK) is likely to become unless this surge in punitive sanctions is not abated (ibid, Sim, 2009). Cornwell (2009) suggests that the main strength of the restorative justice model is that it is ‘practitioner led’, deriving from the practical experience of correctional officials and academics who have a comprehensive understanding of the penal system. From a ‘Nothing Works’ (Martinson, 1974) to a ‘What Works’ experience, the emphasis of restorative justice has been to identi fy a more humane, equitable and practical means of justice that goes beyond the needs of the offender (rehabilitative goal) toward addressing the victims and their communities (Cornwell, 2009). Restorative Justice † Theory and Practice Howard Zehr (2002), envisioned restorative justice as addressing the victim’s needs or harm that holds offenders accountable to put right the harm that involves the victims, offenders and their communities (Zehr, 2002). The first focus is on holding the offender accountable for harm, the second is the requirement that in order to reintegrate into society, offenders must do something significant to repair the harm. Third, there should be a process through which victims, offenders and communities have a legitimate stake in the outcomes of justice (Cornwell, 2009.p:45). In this way, Zehr (2002) redefines or redirects the harm of crime away from its definition of a violation of the state, toward a violation of one person by another. At the same time, the focus of establishing blame or guilt shifts toward a focus on problem solving and obligations. As a result, communities and not the state become the central facilitators in repairing and restoring harm (ibid). Although restorative justice has received wide recognition across many western countries together with the endorsement of the Council of Europe in 1999, progress toward the implementation of restorative justice principles into mainstream criminal justice practices is slow (Cornwell, 2009). Further, restorative justice, both in theory and practice continues to generate a substantial and contentious debate (Morris, 2002). Restorative Justice † A Critique Acorn (2005) argues that ‘justice’ has traditionally symbolised the scales of impartiality on the one hand, and the sword of power, on the other. Justice is thereby possible when a neutral judge calculates a fair balance of accounts to make decisions that are backed by state power. Restorative justice, by its practice of informal dispute resolutions, can be seen as a call to a return of a ‘privatised’ form of justice (ibid, Strang Braithwaite, 2002). This criticism is qualified by the propensity of restorative justice advocates (Braithwaite, 1989) that critique punitive justice responses and thereby view the power of the state as harmful. This in turn, at least theoretically, erodes state power and state created crime categories, thereby threatening to create a ‘privatised’ justice process (Strang Braithwaite, 2002). Within this process, Strang Braithwaite (2002) argue, restorative justice cannot be seen to ‘legitimately’ deal wi th crimes. Acorn (2004) suggests that unlike the prevailing criminal justice system, the desire to punish (retribution) is replaced by a version of justice that is centred on specifically nuanced concepts of harm, obligation, need, re-integration and forgiveness. Such values guide Family Group Conferences, Community Mediation, Victim-Offender Commissions and various forms of tribunals (Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)) (MacLaughlin et al, 2003). Family Group Conferences is a prominent practice in restorative justice, that includes community members (paid or unpaid) to ‘hear’ disputes and help parties to resolve conflicts. However, rather than a diversion from the criminal justice system, such conferences involve offenders already convicted (Acorn, 2004). Garland (2001) views this arrangement a form of ‘net-widening’, where informal justice becomes part of the social landscape that encompasses a widening and ever expanding form of crime control (ibid). A lthough restorative justice advocates argue that informal justice creates domains of freedom that empower victims, offenders and communities, opponents claim that restorative justice represents another pernicious way in which community mediation expands state control, while claiming to do precisely the opposite (Acorn, 2004, Garland, 2001, Pavlich, 2013). Restorative justice proponents are clear in their critique of the criminal justice system that is seen to not represent victims or their communities, where state officials, such as the police, lawyers and judges, are impartial, and thereby have no direct understanding of those affected by criminal offenses (Pavlich, 2013). Here, Pavlich refers to Foucault’s concept of ‘governmentality’, where the state subtly arranges the background settings to produce subjects who think and act in ways that do not require direct coercion, in what Foucault terms the ‘conduct of conduct’ (Pavlich, 2013, Foucault, 197 5). In this way, Foucault argues, self governed subjects are produced when they buy into the logic and formulated identities of a given governmentality (Foucault, 1975). Garland and Sparks (2000) claim that restorative justice, as a form of govermentality has, in part, come about by the increased attention, over the last twenty-five years, toward the rights of the ‘victim’. Here, Garland (2001) argues that the last two decades has seen the rise of a distinctly populist current in penal politics that no longer relies on the evidence of the experts and professional elites. Whereas a few decades ago public opinion functioned as an occasional restraint on policy initiatives, it now operates as a privileged source. Within this context, Garland argues, victims have attained an unprecedented array of ‘rights’ within the criminal justice system, ranging from; ‘the right to make victim impact statements’, the right to be consulted in prosecutions, sentencing and parole together with notifications of offenders post release movements and the right to receive compensation. Further, the right to receive service provision ent ails the use of Victim Support agencies who help people address their feelings and offer practical help and assistance, mitigating the negative impact of crime (Reeves and Mulley, 2000). Wright (2000) suggests that while such developments may be seen as a triumph for victim support movements, these reforms do not fundamentally alter the structural position of victims. This, Wright explains, is because the punitive structural system remains intact whereby the victim’s interests will necessarily remain secondary to the wider public interest, represented by the crown (Wright, 2000). It can be argued that while critics may be seen as correct in their perception of restorative justice as a form of governmentality or net-widening by the state, the attack may be seen as premature, given the early stages of its development (Cornwell, 2009). Cornwell argues that critics have not given restorative justice enough time to develop and potentially emerge as a stand alone resolution to the problem of crime and its repercussions for the victims, offenders and their communities (ibid). Restorative justice programmes are still at an embryonic stage, where they are attracting critique, mainly due to their attachment to the Criminal Justice System (Cornwell, 2009, Morris, 2002, Ministry of Justice, 2012). Cornwell (2009) also addresses the argument that the restorative approach places too much emphasis on the status it affords to the victims of crime. In reality, Cornwell suggests, that status is very much based on political rhetoric rather than actual reform. The publication of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 that anticipated an advance in restorative and reparative measures into the criminal justice system, in reality bought in a much more punitive provision. Restorative measures under the Act are initiated on the basis of a ‘mix and match’ arrangement for ‘custody plus minus’. Here, (Garrielides, 2003) points out that restorative justice has therefore become somewhat removed from its underlying theory (Garrielides, 2003). Put simply, the restorative approach has been cherry picked to support other punitive initiatives, leaving its central tenets at the margins of the criminal justice system (Cornwell, 2009). Restorative Justice – Does it Work? Since the 1990s a number of restorative justice trial schemes began to take place, in order to measure success in terms of re-offending and victim satisfaction. According to a Ministry of Justice Report (Shapland et al, 2008), measuring the success of restorative justice against criminal justice control groups, it was found that offenders who took part in restorative justice schemes committed statistically significantly fewer offences (in terms of reconvictions) in the subsequent two years than offenders in the control group. Further, although restorative justice has been generally reported to be more successful within youth justice, this research showed no demographic differences, for example; in age, ethnicity, gender or offence type. The report also showed that eighty-five percent of victims were happy with the process (ibid). These results are reflected in various case studies. Published by the Restorative Justice Council (2013) the following gives an example of the positive impa ct that restorative justice can have on the victim, the offender and communities: Arrested in February last year, Jason Reed was sentenced to five years in prison after admitting to more than fifty other burglaries.   During the criminal justice process, Jason expressed his wish to start afresh and make amends, so he was referred to the post-conviction restorative justice unit. After a full assessment to ensure his case was suitable for restorative justice measures, three conferences took place between Jason and five of his victims. The victims had different motivations for taking part and they were able to express their upset and anger directly to the offender. Jason agreed to pay back an agreed amount of compensation and the victims showed some acceptance and forgiveness (Restorative Justice Council, 2013). Conclusion Overall, this paper has argued that restorative justice may be seen as an attempt to address the disillusion within the criminal justice system in the 1970s that had conceded that ‘Nothing Works’. The demise of the rehabilitative ideal (Garland, 2001), against the backdrop of political shifts toward a neo-liberal ideology, bought about a more punitive, retributive stance toward punishment and offending (Sim, 2008). As a result, the rise in prison populations has bought about a penal crisis. In response, new initiatives in restorative justice began to develop, emerging as a more equitable, humane form of punishment (Cornwell, 2009). The advantages of the restorative approach cannot be overstated, as this paper shows, rather than the state focusing on the offender (as is the case with the prevailing criminal justice system), restorative justice seeks to address the needs of the victim and community participation (Zehr, 2002). In practical terms, there appears to be some su ccess in terms of re-offending and victim satisfaction (Ministry of Justice, 2008). Despite the criticisms (Garland, 2001), it can be argued that restorative justice demonstrates an opportunity and potential to mitigate the worst excesses of the criminal justice system and bring about a more equitable and humane approach (Cornwell, 2009). Word count: 2654 Bibliography Acorn, A (2004) Compulsory Compassion: A Critique of Restorative Justice. Vol 14, No.6 (June 2004) pp. 446-448. University of British Columbia Press Bottoms, A, Gelsthorpe, S Rex, S (2013) Community Penalties: Change Challenges. London: Wilan Publishing Cavadino, M Dignan, J (2006) Penal Systems: A Comparative Approach. London: Sage Publications Clarkson, M (2005) Understanding Criminal Law. London: Sweet Maxwell Cornwell, D (2009) The Penal Crisis and the Clapham Omnibus: Questions and Answers in Restorative Justice. 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